Skeletal Muscle Contraction And Relaxation Is Vital For

Skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation is vital for voluntary body movements to occur. Skeletal muscles contract when myofibrils composed of actin and myosin slide past each other, which contracts the muscle by altering its length. The gastrocnemius muscle in Rana pipiens, which is attached to the sciatic nerve, can be stimulated to find threshold and maximal stimulus voltage. Once threshold is reached, contraction amplitude increases with stimulus voltage until the maximal voltage is reached, at which point it levels off. Altering the interstimulus interval can induce twitch summation in the gastrocnemius, leading to one combined contraction with a high amplitude. Increased stimulus frequency can be used to induce a tetanic†¦show more content†¦Twitches are the resulting contraction from the firing of an AP in muscles. Twitches are much longer than the APs themselves. Twitch recruitment uses external stimuli to determine the threshold and maximal voltages of nerves and muscles. Stimuli below the threshold voltage, or the minimum stimulus strength required to elicit an action potential, will not cause a muscle to twitch. Once threshold potential is determined, increased stimulus voltage will increase the contraction amplitude of the twitch until the maximal stimulus is reached. The twitch will not significantly increase in strength for any voltage above maximal. This is because at maximal stimulus voltage all motor units have already been recruited to contract. The gastrocnemius muscle has a far higher threshold and maximal voltage that the sciatic nerve due to its size and the number of motor units present in the gastrocnemius. Along with increasing stimulus voltage, contraction amplitude can also be increased through twitch summation. Twitch summation occurs when a muscle is stimulated twice in quick succession, so that the second twitch occurs before the first twitch has relaxed. The twitches then combine to form a stronger muscle contraction. T his process is made possible by the temporal relationship between a muscle’s AP and the resulting twitch, which is far longer in duration than the 1 ms AP that causes it. Due to the nature of skeletal muscle contraction, the length-tension relationship inShow MoreRelatedThe Body s First Line Of Defense And Protection1254 Words   |  6 Pagesand nightly bases. Starting from the outside and working inwards this paper will give you a basic rundown of how each system works. Then talk about how that system works with the other systems within the body. The eleven systems are; integumentary, skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous, respiratory, lymphatic/immune, urinary, gastrointestinal, and reproductive. The integumentary system is the body’s first line of defense and protection. This is your skin, and it is the main part ofRead MoreUnit 5769 Words   |  4 PagesP2: Outline the four main tissue types such as Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous. 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Molecule (MOL-e-kÃ… «l)The chemical combination of two or more atoms covalently bonded together. CellThe basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; the smallest structure capable of performing all the activities vital to life. TissueA group of similar cells and their intercellular substance joined together to perform a specific function. 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Hypnosis goes back thousands of years to the Greeks and Egyptians. They used to put people in a trance-like state, to bring on dreams, so they could help

Breast Cancer Cancer And Cancer Essay - 2052 Words

Breast cancer Cancer is a broad term to describe a disease that the cells grow and invade the health cells in the body. Breast cancer starts in the breast and the damaged cells invade the surrounding breast tissue and can spread to other areas of the body. But if early detected as well as treatment most people are able to carry on living there life. [1] Cancer begins in the cells of the body, which is the basic building blocks of the tissue. sometimes the growth of the cells go wrong and thats when the build up of the cells happen and causes a lump in the tissue. Because the ducts are very tiny it can only hold a small amount of cells and by the cancer cells forming it causes the duct to split. once it is in the bloodstream this may lead to the cancer spreading to other parts of the body. The majority being 70-90% of breast cancer is called ductal breast cancer this is where the breast cancer begins in the ducts in the breast tissue. There is also other types of breast cancer such as lobular and triple negative which seem to develop from different cells in the breast. [2] Breast cancer is a serious issue in new zealand, Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death among women. About one in eight women are diagnosed with cancer in their life time. [3] according to the world health organisation breast cancer is the most common cancer known to women worldwide taking hundreds of peoples lives each year. Western scientific medicine. Western medicine is a termShow MoreRelatedBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer is a carcinoma that develops due to malignant cells in the breast tissue. Cancerous cells are more likely to produce in the milk-producing ducts and the glands, ductal carcinoma, but in rare cases, breast cancer can develop in the stromal, fatty, tissues or surrounding lymph nodes, especially in the underarm (Breast Cancer). 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Mnc Strategies For Growth And Innovation â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The MNC Strategies For Growth And Innovation? Answer: Introduction The main of this research is to establish the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions. This would involve applying both qualitative and quantitative research designs and methodologies. However, the primary source of information will be content analysis. This will help in interpreting what other authors have written on the topic. There is no doubt that globalization has had a great impact on the business sector since its invention. The impacts range from creating a global platform for learning, changing attitudes among businessmen, communication, creating instant access to products and services. Business technology has grown to be the major facilitator and sustainer of economies in the contemporary society. It has helped some regions to be successful as well as helping others to survive hence transforming the manner in which business is carried out. Comparing the business sector today and how it was almost 20 years ago is like comparing day and night. Thanks to globalization, there has been a great revolution. Apart from increased sales and partnerships, it has created new platforms for conducting business. For example, outsourcing in business enables a business to obtain goods and services from suppliers through contract. This has both advantages and disadvantages. For example, it leads to better efficiency being that the company has time to focus on core business functions. On the other hand, the activity harbors hidden costs that threaten business profits. Project Objective The following are the objectives that the study plans to meet: To establish the advantages of outsourcing business functions To establish the disadvantages of outsourcing business functions To give reasons why businesses outsource functions. One of the ways in which this study will meet the above objectives is through literature review. The process enables one to understand what other authors have discussed regarding the topic and the gaps. Project Scope This project is limited to the outsourcing of business functions in a multinational organization. This is an enterprise that operates in many countries but is managed from one point; home country. A company that gets more than a quarter of its revenue from operations outside the home country is classified under MNC. Coca-Cola, BMW, and Total are among the most common MNCs globally (Elo 13). Through investing in other countries, MNCs have led to the growth of the host countrys economy, the flow of capital, development of infrastructure, the introduction of new technologies and creation of employment opportunities (Luca, 2015). Because of its nature of operating n many countries, a multinational organization is more prone to business functions (Wlliams, 2015). Therefore, for adequate information and better understanding, this study shall review articles and reports on the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions in multinational business organizations. Literature Review Several studies have been conducted to establish reasons for outsourcing business functions n organizations. While a section of them agrees that outsourcing is a noble course, there are people who do not agree and would not advise any serious business to explore the services of outsourcing business functions. Therefore, this section provides an analysis of what other authors have written regarding outsourcing business functions. Outsourced tasks According to statistics, the number of organizations outsourcing business functions has increased. For example, in the financial year 2016, private sector organizations spent $309 billion on outsourced business functions (Andelic, 2011). This was spent on various processes as shown in the following list: Finance and accounting Human resource management Legal procedures Apple Inc. is known for its partnership with Foxconn. The latter implements iPhone blueprint. This way, Apple saves money that would have been used had it employed people to do that. Apart from giving it time to concentrate on other core business functions like marketing, outsourcing business functions help Apple Inc., to improve quality in delivering products and services (Hattersley, 2017). Advantages of outsourcing business functions Outsourcing is a process of contraction another organization to provide products/services to a particular organization. It has been cited to save costs and time taken to perform tasks that could be carried out by another party at a less costly price (Clarkson, 2016). In this section, this study provides what other authors have written regarding the advantages of outsourcing business functions. It increases business efficiency. Many organizations have turned to outsourcing functions because it has been proven that outsourced functions are helpful, meaningful and essential to the general functioning of the organization (Ling, 2015). For example, if a company is consulted for recruitment and hiring, it ensures that those chosen are qualified based on skills and experiences. Similarly, it gives organizations time to focus on core business functions. Indeed, there are numerous tasks in business that need to be executed (MIchael, 2013). However, sometimes attending to them efficiently may be hard because of time constraints (Dhar, 2013). Therefore, if a business seeks the services of another group for some tasks, it gets adequate time to perform other equally important tasks. Conversely, outsourcing has hidden costs that threaten the potential of a company to make profits. Organizations use this method to reduce business expenditures like labor costs. However, outsourcing also involves additional expenditures on legal processes (Wlliams, 2015). Moreover, is that the cost of outsourcing is not normally included in the financial report, it is hard to assess the extent to which this process affects the organizations. Also, being that the process involves sharing of a companys sensitive and confidential information, there exist data security risks in outsourcing business functions (Touboulic, 2016). For example, when a company contracts a firm to design its products, it may have to provide information that could damage it when leaked to competitors (Elo, 2015). This can cost the company opportunities for making profits from its products. Additionally, outsourcing business functions may lead to a weak management in a particular business. The main role of the business management unit is to make decisions on critical aspects of the functioning of an organization (Allen, 2012). Being that outsourcing involves another organization making decisions on behalf of the company, it makes the latter lose control. Similarly, research has also shown that outsourcing business functions may not be successful because of difference in cultural values. Multinational organizations have been cited by most authors for preferring outsourcing (R Randall, 2014). In this situation, it may involve doing business with people from a different country with a different culture (Greenwood, 2013). A clash in culture threatens efficiency and productivity. Therefore, because of a difference in culture, outsourcing may not be as beneficial to a company as one would have hoped. Justification In business, it is not possible to perform all functions without compromising quality and maintaining the schedule. Hence it is necessary to issue roles to be performed by other organizations (Gruyter, 2015). For example, a business organization can contract another to train its employees at a cost. Similarly, it can use another consultancy firm to help develop marketing strategies (Boorman, 2016). Admittedly, outsourcing business functions seem as a relief to businesses. However, there have been concerns over the extent of which this is true. Being that outsourcing involves spending both time and resources (Dhar, 2013). This justifies the need for the research. Apart from establishing the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions, it also educates on the type of business rules to be outsourced (Graham, 2017). This can help business organizations in creating a plan for outsourcing business activities. Gap opportunities From the literature that was reviewed, it was clear that it inclined towards supporting that outsourcing business functions have both advantages and disadvantages. However, it was quite vague on the type of organizations that mostly outsource business functions. Further, there was not enough data on multinational companies that have outsourced business functions and incurred decline n profits. Hypothesis Outsourcing business functions increase quality, efficiency and focus on core business operations. However, it may lead to a company to lose control of the company, risk-sensitive confidential information contains hidden costs and depends on culture. Research questions The following are the questions considered to be important in tackling the topic on the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business function: What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions n multinational organizations? Why do businesses outsource business functions? Research Design The choice of the research design utilized in this study was informed by the nature of the data required in this case (Boorman, 2016). This section will contain a description of the qualitative research designs used in this study. Researchers have managed to develop various research designs like grounded theory, ethnographic studies, historical and case studies to be employed when conducting a qualitative research study. For this study to fully answer the two research questions stated above, it would be best to use the grounded theory and case study research designs. In the first instance, data collected shall be used to develop a theory. The Case study design will be used to collect information from top managers at Coca Cola offices. Information acquired here will be analyzed and interpreted to help in testing the hypothesis. Methodology This section presents details on the overall methodology used in carrying out the research exercise. The chapter also presents the sampling procedure which involves the research site, target population, sample study population with a clear explanation of the relationship between the sample population and the target population of this study. The chapter further provides the data generation techniques utilized in this study, data analysis, validity assessment criteria and the ethical considerations touched by the research before finally concluding the chapter Scholars have defined qualitative research as a process of inquiry of human or socio-economical problems which are founded on methodological traditions (Zahra, 2016). In the process of the study, the research seeks to answer questions on the what and how of the issue (Zahra, 2016). These questions help in limiting the study to a particular phenomenon, concept or problem. Also, they help the researcher establish the effects of the issue on stakeholders in a particular system (Clarkson, 2016) Employing this methodology will help arrive at the best conclusion based on the existing information and conditions connected with the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions. Therefore the research tools to be employed will be both primary and secondary sources. Approaches to reliability and validity The trustworthiness of the study will be arrived at through a comprehensive assessment by the research supervisor and the collective insights to be collected from different co-researchers who were actually fellow students. Each respondent that will participate in the study will be sampled and data collected from them using hand-picked instruments that are not general to all the respondents. This will ensure that each respondent uses the most appropriate data collection technique under the circumstances (Zahra, 2016). The researcher was able to identify the most relevant items for each one of the instruments that were utilized in the study. Sampling and sample size For the purpose of this study, random sampling will be employed. Because of the scope of the research, it was relatively cheaper, easy and manageable to meet Multinational organization leaders randomly and convince them to participate in the process of giving data. Data collection methods This study will use both quantitative and qualitative data. A close examination of the research questions informed the selection of the instruments that were used to solicit data from among the study population which comprised of shop owners, business people, taxi operators, and office workers. As such, this study utilized the triangulation method of data collection (John James, 2006). This involves using two or more research instruments in collecting the required data. The data collection tools to be used by the researcher include; content analysis, questionnaires, and interview schedule. The observation was carried out randomly without following any systematic order since the trends in business functions would in most cases be spontaneous. After obtaining permission, the questionnaires will be hand-delivered to the respondents in their respective offices/places of work. The objectives of the study will be clearly explained to the various respondents before allowing them a chance to respond to the questionnaires. These questionnaires were self-administered. There was a need to allow them the freedom to fix the questionnaires into their days schedule, given the busy nature of the time during which this study will be conducted. The questionnaires had both open-ended and closed questions and provided for standardized answers that are easy to compile. The interview method will also be used for a section of the respondents. They will be randomly interviewed and their responses tape recorded for the study. These interviews conducted on one- to- one basis. In essence, they enable a better understanding of the experiences of the respondents. Variables and specifications The following are the variables in the research: Here, the research will focus on the labor costs, efficiency, roles and outsourcing costs. Business organizations: From the literature review, t has been established that MNCs prefer outsourcing business functions. Therefore, this study will conduct interviews and questionnaires in Coca-Cola Time: The study will compare the time taken by a company to perform a task and by another outsourced company to perform the same. Research Limitations Some of the perceived limitations that I am likely to encounter in this study include: Lack of adequate time and other resources Financial constraints The lack of flexibility to use more methods Problems in terms of content or geography of the place Nevertheless, in spite of these limits, enough necessary steps will be taken to ensure the study still makes a worthwhile contribution to the business field. Time Schedule Conducting this research project will take a period of 5 weeks. This is because apart from taking time to review content on this topic, the researcher will also need to organize for interviews with managers of business organizations which outsourced functions. Criteria Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Introduce the topic on advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions Forming research objectives, questions and hypothesis Organize literature to be used Review literature on the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions Identify research design, methodology and data collection techniques Accumulate data from questionnaires, interviews and content analysis. Data interpretation and evaluation Conclusion and recommendations for future studies Conclusion The purpose of this study was to give the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions. Here, we established that outsourcing leads to productivity, effectiveness, and enables businesses to focus on core business processes and conduct business in 24 hours. Conversely, outsourcing may lead to the management to lose control of the organization, hidden costs, risk data security and the difference in culture and pricing. The study utilized both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. Therefore, it recommends that organizations conduct a cost-benefit analysis to establish risks involved. This is because outsourcing business functions sometimes end up making companies spend more thus leading it to make losses. References Allen, R. C. (2012). Technology and the great divergence : Global economic development since 1820. Journal of Economic History , 1-16. Andelic, G. (2011). The impact of Globalization on the Insurance and Reinsurance Market of Eastern Europe. South East European Journal of Economics and Business , 95-112. Boorman, K. N. (2016). Assumptions beyond the science: Encouraging cautious conclusions about functional magnetic resonance imaging research on organizational growth. Journal of organizational behaviour , 13-20. Clarkson, M. (2016). Communication training for scientists and engineers: A framework for highlighting principles common to written, orasl, and visual communication. Professional Communication Conference (IPCC) (pp. 1-8). IEEEInternational. Dhar, S. (2013). From outsourcing to Cloud computing: evolution of IT services. From outsourcing to Cloud computing: evolution of IT services , 20-45. Elo, M. (2015). Diaspora Networks in International business: A review of emerging stream research. Handbook on International Alliance and Network Research , 13-40. Graham, J. (2017, May 3). Apple iPhone sales slip on next-iPhone hype. Retrieved May 18, 2017, from USA TODAY TECH: https://www.usatodaytech.com Greenwood, M. (2013). Ethical analyses of HRM: A review and research agenda. Journal of Business Ethics , 355-366. Gruyter, D. (2015). Starbucks Marketing Analysis. Journal of Case Research in Business and Economics , 220-253. Hattersley, L. (2017, 20 January). The 17 best Apple ads of all time: Funny, weird and embarrassing Apple adverts. Retrieved May 18, 2017, from Mac World: https://www.macworld.co.uk Ling, J. H. (2015). Emotional appeal in recruitment advertising and applicant attraction: Unpacking national cultural differences. Journal of organizational behaviour , 35-42. Luca, N. (2015, October 9). Towards a service-dominant approach to social marketing theory. Retrieved 12 November 2016, from sage pub.com: https://www.sagepub.com Michael, H. T. (2013). Information Technology Adoption in Small Business: Confirmation of a proposed framework. The Journal of Small Business Management , 25-40. R Randall, B. L. (2014). India: MNC Strategies for growth and Innovation. Strategy Leadership , 30-39. Touboulic, A. (2016). Sustainable purchasing and supply. Journal of Marketing Channels , 85-87. Wlliams, O. (2015, July 10). Apple has forgotten to sell the iPhone. Retrieved May 18, 2017, from The Next Web: https://www.thenextweb.com Zahra, S. (2016). Developing theory-grounded family business research: Some suggestions. Journal of family business strategy , 3-7.

The Kings Great Matter Essays - House Of Tudor, Annulment

The King's Great Matter THE KING'S GREAT MATTER The Spanish-English marriage alliance of Catherine of Aragon and Prince Arthur was arranged when the children were very young. Catherine traveled to England only to face tragedy when her young husband, Arthur died in 1502.Henry VII wanted to marry Catherine to his younger son, who would be, Henry VIII so that he did not lose the dowry money from Catherine's parents and to secure some other agreements between the two countries. In the Catholic Church, it was forbidden to marry the wife of a deceased brother. A papal dispensation was required for the marriage. It was easily obtained from Pope Julius II. Henry VII died before the marriage took place but Henry VIII immediately married Catherine once he became King. Many people involved questioned the validity of this dispensation. Catherine's mother, Isabella did not like the idea of her daughter being remarried and requiring a document from the Pope to have it done. But, once Henry VII died and Henry VIII proceeded with the marriage, no one mentioned the dispensation or the validity of it until Henry decided that he needed a grounds for divorce. Under the circumstances of Henry not wanting to be with his wife anymore, he proposed many doctrines that had been insignificant until then. Henry and Catherine actually had a fairly good marriage. The biggest problem in the marriage was lack of ability to produce a male heir. This was very important to Henry. They tried several times but were not successful. The couple did have one child that lived but, it was a girl named Mary. After many miscarriages and years of disappointment, Catherine began to get much older and lose much of her attractiveness. Henry not only began to lose interest in his wife, but he also began to worry about not having a son to succeed him on the throne. This was when the King's great matter began. Throughout this time period, Cardinal Wolsey, an advisor to Henry and very powerful in the Catholic Church, moved closer and closer to Henry. As the relationship progressed Henry became more distant to Catherine. Wolsey spied on Catherine and she thought he acted against her always. She began to believe that Wolsey had always hated her and possibly that she had always hated him also. She held him responsible for the promotion of Henry's bastard son, for tempting the King of France to break the word agreed at Madrid and plunging Europe into war, for ruining the alliance between the two countries, and for seducing the pope and the Italian states. She also held Wolsey responsible for Henry's irritability. It isn't surprising that Catherine also blamed Wolsey for Henry wanting to divorce her. But, Catherine was not the only one with this idea. The ambassador, the emperor, Reginald Pole, Catholic controversialists, and Catholic writers ever since have agreed that Wolsey was probably the instigator. Catherine's thought that Wolsey had put the ideas of divorce into Henry's head was very reasonable. She believed that Wolsey thought this was the best way to safeguard his pro-French policy by removing Catherine and replacing her with a French princess. Wolsey was serious about his French alliance and did hope to arrange a French marriage. He also feared Catherine. He knew that he needed to get rid of her so that he get closer to the king and help him handle his affairs. Most of the time, Cardinal Wolsey was looking out to better himself and his policies. Catherine was wrong about a few things though. She did not blame Henry for any of this. She felt he had been manipulated and took up for him every chance she had. She was wrong about Henry. He was not the innocent person she thought he was. Protestant writers have told the story according to Henry, that his conscience had separated him from Catherine. But, still many have said that it was simply out of desire for another woman. Henry's want for a divorce from Catherine of Aragon has also been attributed to his health. During the years 1527 -28, it was obvious that his health was on the decline. In 1524, he suffered from a head injury while jousting with the